Dechadilok and Deen reviewed hindered transport theory for both diffusive and convective hindrance factors in which uncharged, spherical particles travel in the long cylindrical and slit pores of uniform cross-section (Dechadilok and Deen, 2006). the islets of Langerhans of the endocrine pancreas, causing reduction in cell mass and dysfunction. Of the more than 366 million people worldwide affected by diabetes today, it is estimated that as many as 40 million patients have T1D (Rewers, 2012). The global incidence of T1D doubles approximately every 20 years (Harjutsalo et al., 2008; Vehik et al., 2008), increasing up to 5% per year (Nokoff et al., 2012). As the prevalence of T1D increases worldwide, the associated chronic complications are the main cause of morbidity and mortality, which adversely affect the quality of T1D patients lives (Zhao et al., 2009). Specifically, complications of diabetes have been classified as either microvascular (e.g. retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy) or macrovascular (e.g. FASN-IN-2 cardiovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease) (Melendez-Ramirez et al., 2010; Nathan, 2014). Macrovascular complications in T1D show significant morbidity and mortality in comparison FASN-IN-2 to individuals with Type 2 diabetes. For T1D patients under age 40, the onset of macrovascular complications occur much earlier in life, exacerbate throughout the course of disease, and result in a higher mortality compared to the general population (Melendez-Ramirez et al., 2010). The total estimated financial burden for T1D is $14.9 billion in health care costs in the U.S. each year, including medical costs of $10.5 billion and indirect costs of $4.4 billion (Dall et al., 2009). The economic burden per case of diabetes is greater for T1D than type 2 diabetes and the difference increases with age (Dall et al., 2009). This trend will only continue given the escalation in global incidence and worsen as the T1D population ages and disease progresses, especially for patients in low-resource settings. Current Treatment Methods There are currently two dominant paradigms associated with the treatment of T1D: insulin infusion therapy and whole organ transplantation. Insulin Infusion Insulin therapy is administered with multiple daily injections or subcutaneous infusion using an insulin pump (Golden et al., 2012; Little et al., 2012; Yardley et al., 2013). To survive, T1D patients must measure their blood glucose levels and administer insulin in response to those glucose levels multiple times per day for the rest of their lives. Even in the most compliant patients, tight glucose control is difficult to maintain. For example, patients must calculate insulin dose at mealtimes by Ceacam1 taking in account of several factors, such as blood glucose levels, insulin/carbohydrate ratio, carbohydrate intake, FASN-IN-2 intensity of physical exercise after injection, and individual insulin sensitivity. Any small miscalculation can result in episodes of hypoand hyperglycemia, causing life-threatening conditions. These dangerous fluctuations in glucose levels are the primary cause of diabetic complications (Cryer, 2002; Little et al., 2012). Hypoglycemia FASN-IN-2 can result in cognitive impairment, unconsciousness, seizures, and death (Cryer, 2002). Hyperglycemia leads to similarly devastating complications, such as kidney failure, heart attack, stroke, blindness, nerve damage, and many other diseases (Cryer, 2012). The elevated levels of glucose may induce glycation of various structural and functional proteins that FASN-IN-2 leads to advanced glycation end products (AGES), which are thought to be the major causes of different diabetic complications (Negre-Salvayre et al., 2009). Although use of insulin injections and insulin pumps are life-prolonging technologies, they do not mimic real-time secretory patterns of pancreatic cells nor do they prevent long-term complications (Hinshaw et al., 2013; Penfornis et al., 2011). Medtronic has recently designed a new algorithm, Predictive Low Glucose Management (PLGM), which automatically stops the delivery of insulin when a sensor detects a predetermined low glucose level (Danne et al., 2014). However, designing algorithms to make therapeutic decisions with accurate and instantaneous regulation of blood sugar level with minimal human input.